Our findings highlight the real and urgent need to re-think fisheries management models in the context of small-scale fisheries and climate change worldwide to encompass social relationship dynamics. Finally, (3) our social-ecological model simulations show that the current fishery development program, which seeks to increase fishers' income through an increase in domestic market demand, is supported by predictions from the simple bioeconomic model, may increase income inequality between fishers and traders. These relationships break down following species distribution changes and result in an increase in prices fishers receive. We observe an offset of this loss in income by including cooperative relationships between fish traders (oligopoly) in the model. When environmental temperature is included in the model as a driver of species production dynamics, we find that climate-driven temperature variability drives a decline in catch that, in turn, reduce fishers' income. (2) Income inequality outcomes are associated with changes in cooperative trade relationships. We find that (1) the social-ecological model with relationship dynamics substantially improves accuracy in predicting observed fishery variables to the simple bioeconomic model. We illustrate model outcomes using an empirical case study in the Mexican Humboldt squid fishery. Here, we examine this argument by comparing the predictions of a simple bioeconomic fishery model with those of a social-ecological model that incorporates the dynamics of cooperative relationships between fish traders. We argue that this leads to a disconnect between reality and its model representation used in formal management, which may reduce formal fisheries management's efficiency and efficacy and potentially trigger adverse consequences. This focus dismisses relevant social relationships. Yet, individuals' actions and impacts on individuals are often the primary focus of the economic analyses informing small-scale fisheries' formal management. These informal cooperative and competitive relationships provide access, support, and incentives for fishing and affect the distribution of benefits. Social relationships between fishery users, such as fish traders, can determine how each individual responds and is affected by changes in fisheries. However, climate variability and anthropogenic climate change may seriously impact small-scale fisheries by altering the abundance and distribution of target species. Small-scale fisheries are critically important for livelihoods around the world, particularly in tropical regions.
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